 |
|
| Geography |
|
Archipelago of 17,508
islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride
or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean |
| Location: | Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean |
| Geographic coordinates: | 5 00 S, 120 00 E |
| Area: |
total: 1,904,569 sq km
land: 1,811,569 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km
Size comparison: slightly less than three times the size of Texas |
| Land Boundaries: |
total: 2,830 km
border countries: Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km,
Papua New Guinea 820 km |
| Coastline: | 54,716 km |
| Maritime claims: |
measured from claimed
archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea:
12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200
nm |
| Climate: | tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands |
| Terrain: | mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains |
| Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m |
| Natural resources: |
petroleum, tin, natural gas,
nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver |
| Land use: |
arable land: 11.03%
permanent crops: 7.04% other:
81.93% (2005) |
| Irrigated land: | 67,220 sq km (2003) |
| Natural hazards: |
occasional floods; severe
droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires
volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any
country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant
volcanic activity occurs on Java, western Sumatra, the Sunda Islands,
Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea;
Merapi (elev. 2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption
since 2010, has been deemed a "Decade Volcano" by the International
Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy
of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human
populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung,
Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora |
| Current Environment Issues: |
deforestation; water
pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas;
smoke and haze from forest fires |
| International Environment Agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine
Life Conservation |
| ^Back to Top |
| People |
| Population: | 248,216,193 (July 2012 est.) |
| Age structure: |
0-14 years: 27.3% (male
34,165,213/female 32,978,841) 15-64 years:
66.5% (male 82,104,636/female 81,263,055) 65 years and
over: 6.1% (male 6,654,695/female 8,446,603) (2011 est.) |
| Median age: |
total: 28.5 years
male: 28 years female:
29.1 years (2012 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | 1.04% (2012 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 17.76 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) |
| Death rate: | 6.28 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | -1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) |
| Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2011 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: |
total: 26.99 deaths/1,000 live
births male:
31.54 deaths/1,000 live births female:
22.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 71.62 years
male: 69.07
years female: 74.29 years (2012 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 2.23 children born/woman (2012 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.2% (2009 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 310,000 (2009 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 8,300 (2009 est.) |
| Nationality: | noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian |
| Ethnic groups: |
Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese
15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten
2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census) |
| Religions: |
Muslim 86.1%, Protestant
5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000
census) |
| Languages: |
Bahasa Indonesia (official,
modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the
most widely spoken is Javanese) |
| Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over
can read and write total population: 90.4%
male: 94% female:
86.8% (2004 est.) |
| ^Back to Top |
| Government |
| Country name: |
conventional long form: Republic of
Indonesia conventional short form:
Indonesia local long form: Republik
Indonesia local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East
Indies |
| Government type: | republic |
| Capital: |
name: Jakarta
geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC
during Standard Time) note: Indonesia is
divided into three time zones |
| Administrative divisions: |
30 provinces
(provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 2 special regions*
(daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special
capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten,
Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa
Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West
Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah
(Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kepulauan
Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau
Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara
Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara),
Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi),
Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi),
Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi),
Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra),
Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta* note:
following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1
January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key
administrative units responsible for providing most government services |
| Independence: |
17 August 1945 (declared);
27 December 1949 (recognized by the Netherlands); note - in August 2005
the Netherlands announced that it had recognized de facto Indonesian
independence on 17 August 1945 |
| National holiday: |
|
| Constitution: |
August 1945; abrogated by
Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950,
restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002 |
| Legal system: | civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law |
| Suffrage: | 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age |
| Executive branch: |
chief of state: President
Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President
BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009); note - the president is both the chief
of state and head of government head of government:
President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004);
Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009) cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the president (For more
information visit the World Leaders website ) elections:
president and vice president elected for five-year terms
(eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; election
last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected
president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA 12.4% |
| Legislative branch: |
People's Consultative
Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house; it
consists of members of the DPR and DPD and has role in inaugurating and
impeaching the president and in amending the constitution but does not
formulate national policy; House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan
Rakyat (DPR) (560 seats, members elected to serve five-year terms),
formulates and passes legislation at the national level; House of
Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD),
constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to
DPR on issues affecting regions (132 members, four from each of
Indonesia's 30 provinces, two special regions, and one special capital
city district) elections: last held on 9
April 2009 (next to be held in 2014) election results:
percent of vote by party - PD 20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P
14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%, GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA
3.8%, others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148, GOLKAR 107, PDI-P 94, PKS
57, PAN 46, PPP 37, PKB 28, GERINDRA 26, HANURA 17
note: 29 other parties received less than 2.5% of the
vote so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number
of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by
parties |
| Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court or Mahkamah
Agung is the final court of appeal but does not have the power of
judicial review (justices are appointed by the president from a list of
candidates selected by the legislature); in March 2004 the Supreme Court
assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court
system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Constitutional
Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (invested by the president on 16 August
2003) has the power of judicial review, jurisdiction over the results of
a general election, and reviews actions to dismiss a president from
office; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning
in January 2006; anti-corruption courts have jurisdiction over
corruption cases brought by the independent Corruption Eradication
Commission |
| Political parties and leaders: |
Democrat Party or PD [Anas
URBANINGRUM]; Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Aburizal BAKRIE]; Great
Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [SUHARDI]; Indonesia Democratic
Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening
Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Hatta
RAJASA]; People's Conscience Party or HANURA [WIRANTO]; Prosperous
Justice Party or PKS [Luthfi Hasan ISHAQ]; United Development Party or
PPP [Suryadharma ALI] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: |
Commission for the
"Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS; Indonesia Corruption
Watch or ICW; Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI; Islamic
Defenders Front or FPI; People's Democracy Fortress or Bendera |
| International organization participation: |
ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS,
CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUSCO,
NAM, OECD (Enhanced Engagement, OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador
Dino Patti DJALAL chancery: 2020
Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone:
[1] (202) 775-5200 FAX: [1]
(202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador
Scot A. MARCIEL embassy: Jalan Medan
Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110 mailing address:
Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520 telephone:
[62] (21) 3435-9000 FAX: [62]
(21) 385-7189 consulate general: Surabaya
presence post: Medan
consular agent: Bali |
| ^Back to Top |
| Economy |
|
Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, grew an
estimated 6.1% and 6.4% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The government
made economic advances under the first administration of President
YUDHOYONO (2004-09), introducing significant reforms in the financial
sector, including tax and customs reforms, the use of Treasury bills,
and capital market development and supervision. During the global
financial crisis, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and
joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth in 2009.
The government has promoted fiscally conservative policies, resulting in
a debt-to-GDP ratio of less than 25%, a small current account surplus, a
fiscal deficit below 2%, and historically low rates of inflation. Fitch
and Moody's upgraded Indonesia's credit rating to investment grade in
December 2011. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment,
inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment,
and unequal resource distribution among regions. The government in 2012
faces the ongoing challenge of improving Indonesia's insufficient
infrastructure to remove impediments to economic growth, labor unrest
over wages, and reducing its fuel subsidy program in the face of rising
oil prices.
|
| GDP (purchasing power parity): |
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.139 trillion (2011 est.)
$1.07 trillion (2010 est.) $1.008 trillion (2009 est.)
note: data are in 2011 US dollars |
| GDP (official exchange rate): | GDP (official exchange rate): $845.7 billion (2011 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate: |
6.5% (2011 est.)
6.2% (2010 est.) 4.6% (2009
est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP): |
GDP - per capita (PPP): $4,700
(2011 est.) $4,500 (2010 est.)
$4,300 (2009 est.) note:
data are in 2011 US dollars |
| GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 14.7%
industry: 47.2% services:
38.1% (2011 est.) |
| Labor force: | 117.4 million (2011 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture: 38.3%
industry: 12.8% services:
48.9% (2010 est.) |
| Unemployment rate: | 6.6% (2011 est.) 7.1% (2010 est.) |
| Population below poverty line: | 13.33% (2010) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 3.3% highest 10%: 29.9% (2009) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 36.8 (2009) 39.4 (2005) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.4% (2011 est.) 5.1% (2010
est.) |
| Investment (gross fixed): | Investment (gross fixed): 32% of GDP (2011 est.) |
| Budget: |
revenues: $134.2 billion
expenditures: $144.1 billion (2011 est.) |
| Public debt: |
24.4% of GDP (2011 est.)
25.7% of GDP (2010 est.) |
| Agriculture - products: |
rice, cassava (manioc),
peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork,
eggs |
| Industries: |
petroleum and natural gas,
textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers,
plywood, rubber, food, tourism |
| Industrial production growth rate: | 4.1% (2011 est.) |
| Electricity - production: | 141.2 billion kWh (2008 est.) |
| Electricity - consumption: | 126.1 billion kWh (2008 est.) |
| Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2009 est.) |
| Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2009 est.) |
| Oil - production: | 1.03 million bbl/day (2010 est.) |
| Oil - consumption: | 1.292 million bbl/day (2010 est.) |
| Oil - exports: | 404,100 bbl/day (2009 est.) |
| Oil - imports: | 767,400 bbl/day (2009 est.) |
| Oil - proved reserves: | 3.99 billion bbl (1 January 2011 est.) |
| Natural gas - production: | 82.8 billion cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption: | 40.47 billion cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports: | 42.33 billion cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports: | 0 cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves: | 3.001 trillion cu m (1 January 2011 est.) |
| Current account balance: |
$2.069 billion (2011 est.)
$5.146 billion (2010 est.) |
| Exports: |
$201.5 billion (2011 est.)
$158.1 billion (2010 est.) |
| Exports - commodities: | oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber |
| Exports - partners: |
Japan 16.6%, China 11.3%,
Singapore 9.1%, US 8.1%, South Korea 8.1%, India 6.6%, Malaysia 5.4%
(2011) |
| Imports: |
$166.1 billion (2011 est.)
$127.4 billion (2010 est.) |
| Imports - commodities: | machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs |
| Imports - partners: |
China 14.8%, Singapore
14.6%, Japan 11%, South Korea 7.3%, US 6.1%, Thailand 5.9%, Malaysia
5.9% (2011) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$110.1 billion (31 December
2011 est.) $96.21 billion (31
December 2010 est.) |
| Debt - external: |
$186.9 billion (31 December
2011 est.) $179.1 billion (31
December 2010 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: |
$104.8 billion (31 December
2011 est.) $86.61 billion (31
December 2010 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: |
$40.57 billion (31 December
2011 est.) $32.85 billion (31
December 2010 est.) |
| Market value of publicly traded shares: |
$390.1 billion (31 December
2011) $360.4 billion (31 December
2010) $178.2 billion (31 December 2009) |
| Exchange rates: |
Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per
US dollar - 8,696.1 (2011 est.) 9,090.43 (2010
est.) 10,389.9 (2009) 9,698.9 (2008)
9,143 (2007) |
| Fiscal year: | calendar year |
| ^Back to Top |
| Communications |
| Telephones in use: | 37.96 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 7 |
| Cellular Phones in use: | 220 million (2009) |
| Telephone system: |
general assessment: domestic
service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police
net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international
service good domestic: coverage provided
by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone
kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership
growing rapidly international: country
code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4
submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle
East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean
and 1 Pacific Ocean)
|
| Radio broadcast stations: |
|
| Television broadcast stations: |
|
| Internet country code: | .id |
| Internet hosts: | 1.342 million (2010) |
| Internet users: | 20 million (2009) |
| ^Back to Top |
| Transportation |
| Airports: | 676 (2012) country comparison to the world: 10 |
| Airports (paved runways): |
total: 185 over
3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m:
22 1,524 to 2,437 m: 51
914 to 1,523 m: 71 under 914 m:
37 (2012) |
| Airports (unpaved runways): |
total: 491
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m:
24 under 914 m: 462 (2012) |
| Heliports: | 76 (2012) |
| Pipelines: |
condensate 812 km;
condensate/gas 73 km; gas 7,165 km; oil 5,984 km; oil/gas/water 12 km;
refined products 617 km; water 44 km (2010) |
| Railways: |
total: 5,042 km
narrow gauge: 5,042 km 1.067-m
gauge (565 km electrified) (2008) |
| Roadways: |
total: 437,759 km
paved: 258,744 km
unpaved: 179,015 km (2008) |
| Waterways: | 21,579 km (2011) |
| Merchant marine: |
total: 1,340
by type: bulk carrier 105, cargo
618, chemical tanker 69, container 120, liquefied gas 28, passenger 49,
passenger/cargo 77, petroleum tanker 244, refrigerated cargo 6, roll
on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 11
foreign-owned: 69 (China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 8,
Jordan 1, Malaysia 1, Norway 3, Singapore 46, South Korea 2, Taiwan 1,
UK 2, US 2) registered in other countries:
95 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, China 2, Hong Kong 10, Liberia 4, Marshall
Islands 1, Mongolia 2, Panama 10, Singapore 60, Tuvalu 1, unknown 1)
(2010) |
| Ports and terminals: |
Banjarmasin, Belawan,
Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung
Perak, Tanjung Priok |
| ^Back to Top |
| Military |
|
| Military branches: |
Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional
Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan
Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm),
Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command
(Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2011) |
| Military service age and obligation: |
18 years of age for
selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript
service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers);
Indonesian citizens only (2008) |
| Manpower available for military service: |
males age 16-49: 65,847,171
females age 16-49: 63,228,017 (2010 est.) |
| Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 16-49: 54,264,299
females age 16-49: 53,274,361 (2010 est.) |
